This is question 1

This section is done by serene:

Section 1: Investigate the long-term impacts of volcanoes

Mount tambora

Mount tambora created a long-term effect on global climate. The 150 cubic km of ash that erupted during the explosion not only rained down on the terrestrial surface, but was also projected into the atmosphere, entering the troposphere and, possibly, the stratosphere. The ash covering the Earth’s surface lowered many of the plants’ productivity.

The ash in the atmosphere only exacerbated this process, for upon reaching the troposphere and stratosphere it quickly spread, eventually encompassing the entire planet. In turn, the ash particles in the atmosphere reflected incoming solar radiation or absorbed the light waves.

There will also be a huge problem concerning 'Lahar', every time it rains. When the pyroclastic materials mix with large amounts of water, 'lahars' (which is a type of mudflow) are formed, which can flood and bury not only houses but also towns.
The ash and lava that rains over the land and buries it is also a problem. Ash and lava is very difficult to farm on, and it only becomes fertile after a long time. Therefore, plant life would be limited, which would also affect the food chain.
There might also be silting in the rivers and lakes, which stops boats from navigating through, as the depth becomes much shallower.

Year 1816 is also called the year without summer because of the effect on North American and European weather. Average global temperatures decreased about 0.4–0.7 °C which caused fail in Agricultural crops and livestock dying in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century. All vegetation on the island was destroyed. Uprooted trees, mixed with pumice ash, washed into the sea and formed rafts of up to 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) across.^[4] One pumice raft was found in the Indian Ocean, near Calcutta on 1 and 3 October 1815.^[6] Clouds of thick ash still covered the summit on 23 April. Explosions ceased on 15 July, although smoke emissions were still observed as late as 23 August. Flames and rumbling aftershocks were reported in August 1819, four years after the event.

The surface temperature anomalies during the summer of 1816, 1817 and 1818 were −0.51, −0.44 and −0.29 °C, respectively. This pattern of climate anomaly has been blamed for the severity of typhus epidemic in southeast Europe and the eastern Mediterranean between 1816 and 1819.^[4] Much livestock died in New England during the winter of 1816–1817. Cool temperatures and heavy rains resulted in failed harvests in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Reference: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091122074901AABab0M

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_short_term_and_long_term_effects_of_volcanoes_on_land#ixzz1GwfC2ZBR

^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora}

Question 4

This is Section 4: what more can be done to reduce the negative impact of a volcanic eruption.

1. Strap all lose items to walls or take off for further safety. Make tall buildings cone shape with broad base.

2.By taking seismic readings, measuring poison gasses, and using satellites, the people staying near the volcano would roughly know when a volcano would erupt and they would have time to evacuate before the volcano erupt

3. If caught near a stream, beware of mudflows. They can move faster than you can walk or run. Look upstream before crossing a bridge, and do not cross the bridge if a mudflow is approaching.

4. Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.

5. Protect yourself from falling ash by wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Use goggles and wear eyeglasses instead of contact lenses, and wear a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with breathing.

6. Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano. It is best to stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the roof collapsing. Be sure to close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents, furnaces, air conditioners, fans, and other vents.

7. When the ash has settled, clear it from roofs and rain gutters.

8. Avoid driving, which can stir up volcanic ash that can clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles. If you have to drive, keep speed down to 35 mi/hr (56 km/hr) or slower.
Done By: Jovin :)

This is question 3

Hey there!

this is the next part of the project and it is done by Vanessa Kwa.

Her question is:

Why do people still live at areas where volcanoes are found?

The presence of minerals, geothermal energy and fertile soil are some reasons why people want to live near volcanoes.

Minerals like tin, silver, gold, copper and diamonds can be found in volcanic rocks due to the various precipitations. Most of the mined metallic materials in particular silver, gold and copper are associated with the rocks found below extinct volcanoes. Large-scale mining and small-scale activities are thus ideal for the people living near the area. Of course, active and dormant volcanoes are like the extinct ones, where they are rich source of minerals. As the minerals are brought up by sulphur, which will be at the vents, the locals are able to collect the gas and sell it.

Geothermal energy, better known as heat energy from the earth, can be obtained just by drilling some really deep holes into the volcanic rocks and pumping cold water down one hole. The heat energy can heat water supplies, which allow household to have hot water. It also produces electricity, which the locals need.

Fertile soils from the volcanic rocks can only be obtained after thousands of years when they would have weathered and broken down. The locals make use of these very rich soils to cultivate very big and strong crops in which they can sell or eat. These crops create more diverse wildlife, which too, creates tourism. The wildlife can also be taught in schools in those areas.

The amazing sights of a volcano eruption often attract many tourists. They may also be fascinated by the hot springs or bathing lakes that surround some volcanoes. Shops, restaurants, hotels and tourist centres will be set up because of the large number of tourists. This means there will be plenty of jobs like tour guides for the locals. This, thus, also contributes to the factors on why people still want to live near volcanoes.

Source: http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/physical/earth/volcanoes/volcanoliving.html

This is question 2

Hey! Vanessa W. posting!

This is my part of my project.

Its is about how to predict volcano eruptions.

Here are some information:

- Scientist use a seismometer to sense and detect the intensity of earthquakes caused by magma that is moving. This is one way of telling if the magma is going to rush out of the volcano. There are earthquakes because the magma stored in the mantle is too much and tries to escape out. when the magma moves, it will not move straight so it might spread to the other parts of the mantle when it is rising. As the mantle supposed to be solid, when the magma spreads it causes the mantle to crack and thus cause a small earth quake to happen

There are four different kinds of seismograms. They measure the strength of the movement of the earth at different levels in the Earth's crust.

Here is a video to explain

That was a scientific way to look for a volcanic eruption.

People who are not scientist like us can look out also.

-We can look for plumes of smoke or clouds of gas or around the volcano that were not there typically. As the magma flows into the chamber beneath a volcano and rises, it will cause different gases to be released.

Example of gas: water vapor (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂)

We can also look out for seismic activity near the volcano. Many volcanoes countiuously give off rumbles or tremors brfore they erupt.

Look out for buldges, cracks and increase slope shapes in the ground are also indicators of a volcanic eruption as when there are tremors on the earth ground, these land formations start to change.

here are two other videos to add on to how to predict.

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HI!

this is a blog belonging to vanessa, serene, jovin and vanessa.

this blog is for oue geog project!

haha

bye